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    Throughout the history of biology, there have always been two opposing basic views of life. The one view tried to attribute the processes of life to mechanistic, physical-chemical principles.                                                                       Rejecting this view, the other one tried to find forces or… Read More

Homo-iconics (self-imaging) describes how the design type of the spermatophytes, which appears most concisely in the design type of annual dicotyledons, correlates in its imagery with the individual leaf as well as the design of the three divisions of the spermatophytes. Leaf, single plant and spermatophyte type are homoiconic and show at the… Read More

There are already a number of works on the biology of tree shapes, which primarily deal with conifers and European deciduous trees. In the present essay, an attempt is made to characterize the tree shapes within the worldwide landscape forms and climatic zones more
precisely and to compare them with each other… Read More

Starting from the botanical concept of plant type, the question is raised whether the concept of type can also be applied to plant communities. This is possible with the help of plant sociology, which has developed a comprehensive methodology for this purpose. The individual steps of this procedure are described and brought into relation to… Read More

Biological questions, historical-symptomatological investigations, or literary-aesthetic forms of judgment are each based on very specific phenomena. The cognitive method of phenomenological thinking is affected by the object to be considered. They call for a different framework of treatment, which is related to the specifics of the subject.… Read More

While the image of the hard transparent hexagonal prisms of rock crystal (quartz) suffices to illustrate the general role of silicic acid in the human organism, other aspects can contribute to a differentiated understanding of the distribution and dynamics of silicic acid in relation to the human I-organisation, self-consciousness and warmth.… Read More

The Goethean scientist’s approach is presented as a research attitude whose aim is to carefully bring together and interlink the external observation of nature on the one hand and the associated ideas and concepts on the other. At the beginning it is pointed out that in recent biology some basics and ways of thinking about the living are being… Read More

In a series of articles in the journal Lucifer-Gnosis, which were later summarized under the title »Aus der Akasha-Chronik« (»From the Akashic Chronicle«), RUDOLF STEINER, starting in 1904, made statements about earlier states of the earth and mankind, which thematically and terminologically followed the works of HELENA PETROVNA BLAVATSKYS (»… Read More

The consideration presented here begins with Rudolf Steiner's theory of the senses, which, using the example of the sense of touch, shows that the participation of the self-will must be perceived in the experience of touching, if the result of touching is to be objective. This exemplifies that the epistemological investigation of the sensorial… Read More