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    Throughout the history of biology, there have always been two opposing basic views of life. The one view tried to attribute the processes of life to mechanistic, physical-… Read More

The Goethean scientist’s approach is presented as a research attitude whose aim is to carefully bring together and interlink the external observation of nature on the one hand and the associated… Read More

Philosophy of science has shown that research programs in the sense of paradigms are not only shaped by facts, but also by certain ways of thinking and forms of explanation, even by world views.… Read More

The evolutionary significance of play

Human and animal play is both a fascinating and puzzling phenomenon. Its origin and function cannot be conclusively explained within conventional… Read More

Sketch of an organismic systems biology

Biology has been dominated for a long time by two contrasting explanations and research approaches: reductionism and holism. This article shows that… Read More

The generation of autonomy in evolution - a survey

The hypothesis is advanced that major evolutionary innovations are characterized by an increase of organismal autonomy in the sense of an… Read More

The history and problem of the idea of evolution

The usual picture of the phylogenetic process is that there were first single-celled bacteria-like organisms followed by multicellular,»… Read More