Die Evolution der Haut und des hautassoziierten Immunsystems

Die Evolution der Haut und des hautassoziierten Immunsystems

Christoph Schempp
Jahrbuch für Goetheanismus 2009, 2009, P.21-82 | DOI: 10.18756/jfg.2009.21
evolution | Language: German | €6
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Abstract:

The evolution of the skin and the skin-associated immune system

This paper considers the formation of the skin and its associated structures from the most primitive metazoa to the human being: 

- In Porifera the delirnitation from the outer world is incomplete. A proper epidermal sheath does not exist, merely a thin coating in the form of pinacoderm.

- Dicotyledonous Cnidaria have an ectodermis and an entodermis, both single layered, which already show a certain functional specialisation. The cells of the epidermis are fixed together with band desmosomes and ensure protection from the outer world.

- Worms go through various metamorphoses of a still single-layered epidermis which lead to a further intensification of the delimitation function (formation of a syncytium, neodermis of the Plathelminthes, formation of a cuticle in Annelida and Nematoda).

- The division of the organism into head, thorax and abdomen, as well as the formation of extremities in the Arthropoda, is enabled by a hard exoskeleton in the form of a chitinised cuticle. 

- The Echinodermata, the most primitive Deuterostomia, exhibit a highly specialised but still single-layered epidermis. 

- In the Tunicates, the most primitive chordate animals, the single-layered epidermis is overlaid by tunicin, a cellulose-like substance produced by the dermal cells. 

- The Cyclostomata, the jawless fish, are the first to form a multi-layered epidermis. This is pluripotent and impregnated with mucosal cells.

- In the cartilaginous fish, the multi-layered epidermis maintains an exoskeleton-like supportive function through its many placoid scales. 

- In the bony fish these recede into the background in the form of elastic dermal scales. 

- With the amphibians, the transition from life in water to life on land leads to the first cornification of the outer cell layer of the epidermis. But the amphibians still remain connected with an aquatic environment. 

- Only with the reptiles and the development of an amnion is a complete separation from the aquatic environment achieved. A stroneg marked cornification of the epidermis is often associated with this; the cornified layer has to be shed as a whole. 

- In birds, the denizens of the air, the epidermis forms a novel coating of various kinds of feathers. As with the feather spines, some of the bones are filled with air. The feathers significantly contribute to the maintenance of the as yet incomplete homeotherrny. 

- In mammals, a further novel formation of the epidermis is hair, which regresses only in the human being and secondary aquatic mammals.

In parallel with the increasing delimitation of the organism from the outer world by means of the skin, an innate immune system first of all developed on the basis of phagocytes and unspecific, yet highly effective, humoural defence factors. The first demonstrable adaptive immune system came with the cartilaginous fish. The development and compartmentalisation of the lymphatic system brought the formation of an immune system associated with the skin which, in mammals, especially the human being, spatially comprises three components. At the skin‘s outermost barrier to the outside world, a cellular, more sensory expression of the immune system predominates. In the middle layers of the dermis the dominant component is a dense network of capillaries which mediates the circulation and migration of immune cells. In the deeper layers of the skin, proliferative processes predominate. Thus the subcutis and its lymph nodes associated with the skin belong to the metabolic pole, the reticular dermis to the circulatory system and the epidermis to the nerve-sense system.

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